Bidirectional optical communications

ABSTRACT

This disclosure describes digitally generating sub-carriers (SCs) to provide isolation and dynamic allocation of bandwidth between uplink and downlink traffic between transceivers that are communicatively coupled via a bidirectional link including one or more segments of optical fiber. Separate uplink and downlink communication channels may be created using digitally generated SCs and using the same transmitter laser. In some implementations, one or more of the nodes include a transceiver having at least one laser and one digital signal processing (DSP) operable for digitally generating at least two SCs and detecting at least two SCs. The transceiver can transmit selected SCs, and can receive other SCs. Accordingly, the transceiver can facilitate bidirectional communication, for example, over a single optical fiber link. In some instances, techniques can facilitate dynamic bandwidth assignment by facilitating adding or blocking of optical subcarriers from transmission in an uplink or downlink direction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/844,176, filed on May 7, 2019. The contents ofthat application are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to bidirectional optical communications.

BACKGROUND

Optical fiber communication facilitates transmitting information fromone location to another by sending, for example, light signals throughan optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave thatcan be modulated to carry information. Conventionally, optical fibersare provided for communication to the edge of an optical communicationnetwork.

Single fiber bidirectional optical transmission refers to the capabilityof transmitting optical signals in the same fiber but in oppositedirections. Compared to a two fiber system, in which each of twoseparate fibers is used to perform single directional transmission, thenumber of optical fibers to be used can be reduced.

SUMMARY

This disclosure describes, among other things, systems and methods fordigitally generating sub-carriers (SCs) to provide isolation and dynamicallocation of bandwidth between uplink and downlink traffic betweentransceivers that are communicatively coupled via a bidirectional linkincluding one or more segments of optical fiber. In someimplementations, separate uplink and downlink communication channels canbe created using digitally generated SCs and using the same transmitterlaser. In some implementations, one or more of the nodes include atransceiver having at least one laser and one digital signal processing(DSP) that can be implemented, for example, as an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC). The DSP can be operable for digitallygenerating at least two SCs and detecting at least two SCs. Thetransceiver can transmit selected SCs (for example, using the at leastone laser), and can receive other SCs. Accordingly, the transceiver canfacilitate bidirectional communication, for example, over a singleoptical fiber link. In some instances, the described systems and methodsalso can facilitate dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) by adding orblocking optical subcarriers from transmission in an uplink or downlinkdirection.

In one aspect, the present disclosure describes a transceiver thatincludes an optical port configured to be coupled to an optical fiber.The transceiver further includes a transmitter and a receiver. Thetransmitter includes a laser operable to output an optical signal, afirst DSP circuit, and a modulator.

The first digital signal processor circuit is operable to receive firstdata and to provide a first plurality of electrical signals based on thefirst data and a first control signal, and to provide a second pluralityof electrical signals based on second data and a second control signal.

The modulator is operable to modulate the optical signal to provide afirst plurality of optical subcarriers based on the first plurality ofelectrical signals and a second plurality of optical sub carriers basedon the second plurality of electrical signals, where a number of thefirst plurality of subcarriers being different from a number of thesecond plurality of subcarriers, and the first or second pluralities ofsubcarriers are supplied to the optical fiber via the optical port.

The receiver includes a photodiode circuit and a second DSP circuit. Thephotodiode circuit includes at least one photodiode to receive firstoptical mixing products or second optical mixing products, the firstoptical mixing products being based on a third plurality of opticalsubcarriers received from the optical fiber via the optical port and alocal oscillator signal, and the second optical mixing products beingbased on a fourth plurality of optical subcarriers received from theoptical fiber via the optical port and the local oscillator signal. Thephotodiode circuit is operable to supply third electrical signals basedon the first optical mixing products or fourth electrical signals basedon the second optical mixing products. The second DSP circuit isoperable to output third data based on the third electrical signals orfourth data based on the fourth electrical signals.

Some implementations include one or more of the following features. Forexample, the transceiver can be configured such that the third pluralityof optical subcarriers is received form the optical fiber after thefirst control signal is supplied to the first digital signal processorcircuit, and the fourth plurality of optical subcarriers is receivedfrom the optical fiber after the second control signal is supplied tothe first digital signal processor circuit.

In some instances, a sum of a number of the first plurality ofsubcarriers and the third plurality of subcarriers is equal to a sum ofthe second plurality of subcarriers and the fourth plurality ofsubcarriers. In other instances, a sum of a number of the firstplurality of subcarriers and the third plurality of subcarriers isdifferent from a sum of the second plurality of sub carriers and thefourth plurality of subcarriers.

In some implementations, the transceiver includes an optical hybridcircuit operable to supply the first mixing products or the secondmixing products. In some cases, the laser is a first laser, and thetransceiver further includes a second laser operable to supply the localoscillator signal, wherein the second laser is a local oscillator laser.In some cases, the transceiver may be configured such that a portion ofthe optical signal is supplied to the photodiode circuit as the localoscillator signal. In some instances, each of the first plurality ofsubcarriers and each of the second plurality of subcarriers is a Nyquistsubcarrier. Likewise, in some cases, each of the third plurality ofoptical subcarriers and each of the fourth plurality of opticalsubcarriers is a Nyquist subcarrier. A frequency of one of the firstplurality of optical subcarriers may be the same as a frequency of theone of the fourth plurality of subcarriers.

In some implementations, the transceiver includes a circulator having afirst port optically coupled to the transmitter, a second port opticallycoupled to the receiver, and a third port configured to be coupled tothe optical fiber. In some cases, the transceiver is configured suchthat the first plurality of optical subcarriers or the second pluralityof optical subcarriers is supplied to the first port of the circulator,and the third plurality of optical subcarriers or the fourth pluralityof optical subcarriers is output from the second port of the circulator.

In some implementations, the transceiver includes a coupler having afirst port optically coupled to the transmitter, a second port opticallycoupled to the receiver, and a third port configured to be coupled tothe optical fiber. In some instances, the first plurality of opticalsubcarriers or the second plurality of optical subcarriers is suppliedto the first port of the coupler, and the third plurality of opticalsubcarriers or the fourth plurality of optical subcarriers is outputfrom the second port of the coupler.

In another aspect, the present disclosure describes a system thatincludes a first transceiver and a second transceiver. The firsttransceiver is operable to supply a first plurality of opticalsubcarriers to an optical fiber and to receive a second plurality ofoptical subcarriers from the optical fiber during a first time interval,and is operable to supply a third plurality of optical subcarriers tothe optical fiber and receive a fourth plurality of subcarriers from theoptical fiber during a second time interval, a number of the firstplurality of subcarriers being different from a number of the thirdplurality of subcarriers, and a number of the second plurality ofsubcarriers being different from a number of the fourth plurality ofsubcarriers. The second transceiver is operable to supply at least oneof the second plurality of subcarriers during the first time intervaland at least one of the fourth plurality of subcarriers during thesecond time interval, and is operable to receive at least one of thefirst plurality of subcarriers during the first time interval and atleast one of the third plurality of subcarriers during the second timeinterval.

Some implementations include one or more of the following features. Forexample, in some instances, a sum of a number of the first plurality ofsubcarriers and a number of the second plurality of subcarriers is equalto a sum of the third plurality of subcarriers and a number of thefourth plurality of subcarriers. In some cases, a frequency of one ofthe first plurality of optical subcarriers is the same as a frequency ofthe one of the fourth plurality of subcarriers. In some implementations,each subcarrier in each of the first plurality of subcarriers, each ofthe second plurality of subcarriers, and each of the third plurality ofsubcarriers can be a Nyquist subcarrier.

In a further aspect, the present disclosure describes a system thatincludes a first transceiver, a second transceiver and a thirdtransceiver. The first transceiver is operable to supply a firstplurality of optical subcarriers to an optical fiber and receive asecond plurality of optical subcarriers from the optical fiber during afirst time interval, and to supply a third plurality of opticalsubcarriers to the optical fiber and receive a fourth plurality ofsubcarriers from the optical fiber during a second time interval, anumber of the first plurality of sub carriers being different from anumber of the third plurality of subcarriers, and a number of the secondplurality of subcarriers being different from a number of the fourthplurality of subcarriers. The second transceiver is operable to supplyat least a first one of the second plurality of subcarriers during thefirst time interval and at least a first one of the fourth plurality ofsubcarriers during the second time interval, and is operable to receiveat least a first one of the first plurality of subcarriers during thefirst time interval and at least a first one of the third plurality ofsubcarriers during the second time interval. The third transceiver isoperable to supply at least a second one of the second plurality ofsubcarriers during the first time interval and at least a second one ofthe fourth plurality of subcarriers during the second time interval, thethird transceiver operable to receive at least a second one of the firstplurality of subcarriers during the first time interval and at least asecond one of the third plurality of subcarriers during the second timeinterval.

Some implementations include one or more of the following features. Forexample, in some cases, a sum of a number of the first plurality ofsubcarriers and a number of the second plurality of subcarriers is equalto a sum of the third plurality of subcarriers and a number of thefourth plurality of subcarriers. In some instances, a frequency of oneof the first plurality of optical subcarriers is the same as a frequencyof the one of the fourth plurality of subcarriers. Each subcarrier ineach of the first plurality of subcarriers, each of the second pluralityof subcarriers, and each of the third plurality of subcarriers may be aNyquist subcarrier.

In some implementations, the system includes an arrayed waveguidegrating (AWG) having a first port and a plurality of second ports,wherein the first port is optically coupled to the first transceiver viathe optical fiber, a first one of the plurality of second ports isoptically coupled to the second transceiver, and a second one of theplurality of second ports is optically coupled to the third transceiver.In some cases, the system is configured such that the first port of theAWG receives the first plurality of optical subcarriers from the firsttransceiver during the first time interval and supplies the secondplurality of optical sub carriers to the first transceiver during thesecond time interval. In some instances, the system is configured suchthat the first one of the plurality of second ports of the AWG suppliessaid at least the first one of the third plurality of subcarriers duringthe first time interval to the second transceiver, and the second one ofthe plurality of second ports supplies said at least the second one ofthe fourth plurality of subcarriers during the second time interval tothe third transceiver.

In some implementations, the system includes a splitter having a firstport and a plurality of second ports, wherein the first port isoptically coupled to the first transceiver via the optical fiber, afirst one of the plurality of second ports is optically coupled to thesecond transceiver, and a second one of the plurality of second ports isoptically coupled to the third transceiver. In some cases, the system isconfigured such that the first port of the splitter receives the firstplurality of optical subcarriers from the first transceiver during thefirst time interval and supplies the second plurality of opticalsubcarriers to the first transceiver during the second time interval. Insome cases, he system is configured such that the first one of theplurality of second ports of the splitter supplies said at least thefirst one of the third plurality of subcarriers during the first timeinterval to the second transceiver, and the second one of the pluralityof second ports supplies said at least the second one of the fourthplurality of subcarriers during the second time interval to the thirdtransceiver.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure describes an apparatusthat includes a photodiode circuit, an analog-to-digital conversioncircuit, and a digital signal processor. The photodiode circuit includesat least one photodiode configured to receive optical mixing productsbased on a local oscillator signal and a plurality of opticalsubcarriers transmitted on an optical fiber from a remote transmitter.The photodiode circuit further is configured to receive back-reflectedlight from the optical fiber, such that the photodiode circuit provideselectrical signals based on the optical mixing products and theback-reflected light. The analog-to-digital conversion circuit isoperable to provide digital outputs based on an analog inputs, theanalog inputs being indicative of the electrical signals provided by thephotodiode circuit. The digital signal processor is operable to receivethe digital outputs and generate first internal signals indicative ofdata carried by the plurality of optical carriers and second internalsignals indicative of the back-reflected light, the digital signalprocessor operable to cancel the second internal signals and provideoutput data based on the first internal signals.

Some implementations include one or more of the following features. Forexample, each of the plurality of subcarriers can have a correspondingone of a plurality of frequencies, each of the plurality of frequenciesbeing different from a frequency associated with the back-reflectedlight. In some cases, the plurality of sub carriers is a first pluralityof subcarriers, and the apparatus further includes an opticaltransmitter operable to supply a second plurality of subcarriers to theoptical fiber.

In some implementations, the apparatus includes an optical hybridcircuit operable to receive the local oscillator signal and theplurality of optical subcarriers and outputs the mixing products. Insome cases, the apparatus includes a local oscillator laser operable tosupply the local oscillator signal. In some instances, the apparatusincludes a plurality of multiplier circuits, wherein the apparatus isconfigured such that the second internal signals are cancelled out bymultiplying the second internal signal by zero with the plurality ofmultiplier circuits.

In some implementations, the digital signal processor includes a fastFourier transform circuit operable to provide frequency domain databased on the digital outputs of the analog-to-digital conversioncircuits; a plurality of switches; and a plurality of memories. Theplurality of switches can be operable to cancel the second internalsignals by selectively supplying predetermined data to the plurality ofmemories instead of frequency domain data associated with the secondinternal signals.

In another aspect, the present disclosure describes a transceiverincluding a transmitter, a receiver and an optical port configured to becoupled to an optical fiber.

The transmitter includes a laser, a first digital signal processorcircuit, and a modulator. The laser is operable to output an opticalsignal. The first digital signal processor circuit is operable toreceive first data and to provide a first plurality of electricalsignals based on the first data and a first control signal and a secondplurality of electrical signals based on second data and a secondcontrol signal. The modulator is operable to modulate a first portion ofthe optical signal to provide a first plurality of optical subcarriersbased on the first plurality of electrical signals and a secondplurality of optical subcarriers based on the second plurality ofelectrical signals, a number of the first plurality of subcarriers beingdifferent from a number of the second plurality of subcarriers. Thefirst or second pluralities of subcarriers are supplied to the opticalfiber via the optical port.

The receiver includes a photodiode circuit and a second digital signalprocessor circuit. The photodiode circuit includes at least onephotodiode configured to receive first optical mixing products or secondoptical mixing products, the first optical mixing products being basedon a third plurality of optical subcarriers received from the opticalfiber via the optical port and a second portion of the optical signal,and the second optical mixing products being based on a fourth pluralityof optical subcarriers received from the optical fiber via the opticalport and the second portion of the optical signal. The photodiodecircuit is operable to supply third electrical signals based on thefirst optical mixing products or fourth electrical signals based on thesecond optical mixing products. The second digital signal processorcircuit is operable to output third data based on the third electricalsignals or fourth data based on the fourth electrical signals.

Some implementations include one or more of the following features. Forexample, in some cases, the transceiver is configured such that thethird plurality of optical subcarriers is received form the opticalfiber after the first control signal is supplied to the first digitalsignal processor circuit and the fourth plurality of optical subcarriersis received from the optical fiber after the second control signal issupplied to the first digital signal processor. In some cases, a sum ofa number of the first plurality of subcarriers and the third pluralityof subcarriers is equal to a sum of the second plurality of subcarriersand the fourth plurality of subcarriers. In some instances, a sum of anumber of the first plurality of subcarriers and the third plurality ofsubcarriers is different from a sum of the second plurality ofsubcarriers and the fourth plurality of subcarriers.

In some implementations, the transceiver includes an optical hybridcircuit operable to supply the first mixing products or the secondmixing products. In some cases, each of the first plurality ofsubcarriers and each of the second plurality of subcarriers is a Nyquistsubcarrier. Likewise, in some cases, each of the third plurality ofoptical subcarriers and each of the fourth plurality of opticalsubcarriers is a Nyquist subcarrier. A frequency of one of the firstplurality of optical subcarriers can be the same as a frequency of theone of the fourth plurality of subcarriers.

Some implementations of the transceiver include a circulator having afirst port optically coupled to the transmitter, a second port opticallycoupled to the receiver, and a third port configured to be coupled tothe optical fiber. The transceiver can be configured such that the firstplurality of optical subcarriers or the second plurality of opticalsubcarriers is supplied to the first port of the circulator, and thethird plurality of optical subcarriers or the fourth plurality ofoptical subcarriers is output from the second port of the circulator.

Some implementations of the transceiver include a coupler having a firstport optically coupled to the transmitter, a second port opticallycoupled to the receiver, and a third port configured to be coupled tothe optical fiber. In some instances, the transceiver is configured suchthat the first plurality of optical subcarriers or the second pluralityof optical subcarriers is supplied to the first port of the coupler, andthe third plurality of optical subcarriers or the fourth plurality ofoptical subcarriers is output from the second port of the coupler.

The present disclosure describes various methods. In some cases, amethod may include performing certain actions during a first timeinterval and additional actions during a second time interval. Forexample, a method can include supplying, from a first transceiver, afirst plurality of optical subcarriers to an optical fiber during afirst time interval. The method includes receiving, in a secondtransceiver, a first one of the first plurality of subcarriers duringthe first time interval, and receiving, in a third transceiver, a secondone of the first plurality of subcarriers during the first timeinterval. The method further includes supplying, from the secondtransceiver, at least a first one of a second plurality of subcarriersto the optical fiber during the first time interval, and supplying, fromthe third transceiver, at least a second one of the second plurality ofsubcarriers to the optical fiber during the first time interval. Themethod also includes receiving, in the first transceiver, the secondplurality of optical subcarriers from the optical fiber during the firsttime interval.

In accordance with the method, a third plurality of optical subcarriersare supplied to the optical fiber from the first transceiver during asecond time interval. The method further includes receiving, in thesecond transceiver, a first one of the third plurality of subcarriersduring the second time interval, and receiving, in the thirdtransceiver, a second one of the third plurality of subcarriers duringthe second time interval. The method also includes supplying, from thesecond transceiver, at least a first one of a fourth plurality ofsubcarriers to the optical fiber during the second time interval, andsupplying, from the third transceiver, at least a second one of thefourth plurality of subcarriers to the optical fiber during the secondtime interval. In addition, the method includes receiving, in the firsttransceiver, the fourth plurality of optical subcarriers from theoptical fiber during the second time interval. In accordance with theforegoing method, a number of the first plurality of subcarriers isdifferent from a number of the third plurality of sub carriers, and anumber of the second plurality of sub carriers is different from anumber of the fourth plurality of subcarriers. In some implementations,a sum of a number of the first plurality of subcarriers and a number ofthe second plurality of subcarriers is equal to a sum of the thirdplurality of subcarriers and a number of the fourth plurality ofsubcarriers.

Some implementations of the present disclosure can provide one or moreof the following advantages. For example, in some instances, relative totraditional systems, increased spectral efficiency can be achievedbecause cross-talk between SCs in the digital domain can be reducedsubstantially (for example, by using digital filters). In someinstances, a single-channel spectral efficiency of approximately 2.8bps/Hz can be achieved. Uplink and downlink channels can be spectrallyclose to each other without a large guard-band. When compared withtraditional approaches, system cost and complexity can be reducedbecause, for example, a laser may be used both as a local oscillator andas a transmitter.

Other aspects, features, and advantages will become apparent from thefollowing detailed description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-2 are diagrams illustrating examples of point-to-pointbidirectional communication systems, in accordance with one or moreimplementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a transmitter, inaccordance with one or more implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a DSP circuit included inthe transmitter of FIG. 3, in accordance with one or moreimplementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating activating and deactivating subcarriersat a transmitter using switches and bins, in accordance with one or moreimplementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating activating and deactivating subcarriersat a transmitter using pulse shape filters, in accordance with one ormore implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a receiver, in accordancewith one or more implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of a DSP circuit included inthe receiver of FIG. 7, in accordance with one or more implementationsof the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating activating and deactivating subcarriersat a receiver using a chromatic dispersion equalizer circuits (CDEQ), inaccordance with one or more implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a transceiver using asingle laser for both transmitting and local oscillation operations, inaccordance with one or more implementations of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 11a-11b are diagrams illustrating operational configurations of apoint-to-point bidirectional communications system, in accordance withone or more implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a point-to-multi-pointbidirectional communications system, in accordance with one or moreimplementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a plurality of channels, in which eachchannel is used to transmit a plurality of subcarriers, in accordancewith one or more implementations of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 14a-14b are diagrams illustrating operational configurations of apoint-to-multi-point bidirectional communications system, in accordancewith one or more implementations of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 15a-15c are diagrams illustrating operational configurations of apoint-to-multi-point bidirectional communications system in which onechannel is shared amongs multiple optical network units, in accordancewith one or more implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 16 is a flow chart of an example method in accordance with someimplementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a point-to-multi-point bidirectionalcommunications system that includes an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG),in accordance with one or more implementations of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 18 is a diagram showing subcarrier inputs and outputs at the portsof an arrayed waveguide grating, in accordance with one or moreimplementations of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 19a-19c are charts showing uplink and downlink received spectrums,in accordance with one or more implementations of the presentdisclosure.

FIGS. 20a-20b are charts showing the performance of a subcarriermultiplexed system, in accordance with one or more implementations ofthe present disclosure, and a conventional overlapped spectral system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to the present exemplaryembodiments of the present disclosure, which are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. In general, the same reference numbers will beused throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

This disclosure describes systems and methods for digitally generatingsub-carriers (SCs) to provide isolation and dynamic allocation ofbandwidth between uplink and downlink traffic between transceivers thatare communicatively coupled via a bidirectional link including one ormore segments of optical fiber. In some instances, the opticalsubcarriers may be generated, for example, by a single laser that ismodulated to provide multiple optical signals, each being associatedwith a data stream, and each being spectrally spaced from one another sothat they do not overlap spectrally with one another (or aresufficiently non-overlapping such that the optical signals remaindistinguishable from each other in the frequency domain). In someimplementations, separate uplink and downlink communication channels canbe created using digitally generated SCs and using the same transmitterlaser. In some implementations, one or more of the nodes include atransceiver having at least one laser and one digital signal processing(DSP) that can be implemented, for example, as an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC). The DSP is operable for digitally generatingat least two SCs and detecting at least two SCs. The transceiver cantransmit selected SCs (for example, using the at least one laser), andcan receive other SCs. Accordingly, the transceiver can facilitatebidirectional communication, for example, over a single optical fiberlink. In some instances, the described systems and methods also canfacilitate dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) by facilitating adding orblocking of optical subcarriers from transmission in an uplink ordownlink direction.

In some implementations, first portion of light output from a laser atan end of a link may be modulated to carry or transmit data and a secondportion of light output from the laser may be used as a local oscillatorsignal. Lasers, so configured, are sometimes referred to as a “sharedtransmit/receive laser” or a “shared local oscillator (LO) laser”. Insome implementations, due to processing of digital signals associatedwith received optical subcarriers, the effects of spurious opticalsignals, such as those corresponding to so-called “back reflections” oftransmitted optical subcarriers, may be cancelled out. Opticalsubcarriers, therefore, may be provided with a relatively narrowbandwidth and may be provided spectrally close to one another, without alarge guard band, such that spectral efficiency of such opticalsubcarriers may be as high as that achieved in a single-directioncoherent communications system. In some implementations, differentuplink and downlink communication channels can be created using digitalsubcarriers and the same Tx/Rx laser (locked to each other by DSPs onboth ends of the link).

FIGS. 1-2 are diagrams illustrating, respectively, point-to-pointbidirectional communication systems 100 a, 100 b, in accordance with oneor more implementations of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1,the system 100 a includes a first transceiver 110 and a secondtransceiver 120 communicatively coupled via a bidirectional link 130(for example, an optical fiber).

The first transceiver 110 includes a laser 111, a splitter 112, atransmitter 113, a receiver 114, and a circulator 115. The laser 111 iscommunicatively coupled (for example, via an optical fiber) and isconfigured to generate and provide an optical signal, such as acontinuous wave (CW) optical signal. The splitter 112 is communicativelycoupled to the transmitter 113 and the receiver 114. In the illustratedexample, the splitter 122 is configured to receive the optical signalgenerated by laser 111 and split the signal into two portions. Thesplitter 112 is configured to provide the first portion of the signal tothe transmitter 113 and the second portion to the receiver 114. Thesecond portion of the signal can be used at the receiver 114, forexample, as a local oscillator signal.

As discussed in greater detail below, the transmitter 113 is configuredto modulate the received first portion of the optical signal output fromlaser 111 based on information input or supplied to transmitter 113.Transmitter 113, accordingly, provides a modulated optical signal S1including, in one example, at least one optical subcarrier. In otherexamples, however, the modulated optical signal includes multipleoptical subcarriers. As further shown in FIG. 1, the modulated opticalsignal S1 is provided to a first port 115-1 of optical circulator 115.The modulated optical signal S1 is then output from second port 115-2 ofoptical circulator 115 onto bidirectional optical fiber link 130 and istransmitted to port 125-2 of circuit 125 in transceiver 120.

Modulated optical signal S1 is next directed out of port 115-3 toreceiver 124, where signal S1 is mixed with the second portion of theoptical signal supplied by laser 121 via splitter 122. The resultingmixing products are converted to electrical signals. Based on suchelectrical signals and following further processing in receiver 124, theinformation input to transmitter 113 is output from receiver 124.

In a similar manner, transmitter 123 is configured to modulate thereceived first portion of an optical signal output from laser 121 basedon information input or supplied to transmitter 123. Transmitter 123,therefore, provides a modulated optical signal S2 including, in oneexample, at least one optical subcarrier. In other examples, however,modulated optical signal S2 includes multiple optical subcarriers. Asfurther shown in FIG. 1, the modulated optical signal S1 is provided toa first port 125-1 of optical circulator 125. The modulated opticalsignal S2 then is output from second port 121-2 of optical circulator125 onto bidirectional optical fiber link 130 and is transmitted to port115-2 of circuit 115 in transceiver 110.

Modulated optical signal S2 is next directed out of port 115-3 toreceiver 114, where signal S2 is mixed with the second portion of theoptical signal supplied by laser 111 via splitter 122. The resultingmixing products are converted to electrical signals. Based on suchelectrical signals and following further processing in receiver 124, theinformation input to transmitter 123 is output from receiver 114.

Although the illustrated implementation of FIG. 1 uses the lasers 111,121 as shared transmitter/local oscillator lasers, other implementationsneed not do so. For example, the transmitter 113 and the receiver 114 ofthe first transceiver 110 (or the transmitter 123 and the receiver 124of the second transceiver 120) can use separate lasers in someimplementations.

As shown in FIG. 2, the system 100 b is substantially similar to thesystem 100 a previously described with reference to FIG. 1, except thatthe transceivers 110, 120 include optical couplers 116, 126 tofacilitate bidirectional communications through respective ports 116-1to -116-3 and 126-1 to 216-3 associated with such couplers. While bothtransceivers 110, 120 can use either a coupler or a circulator tofacilitate bidirectional communications, using circulators may reduceoptical power loss in some cases.

Consistent with the present disclosure, and, in one example, the numberof optical subcarriers transmitted in the uplink direction and thenumber of optical subcarriers transmitted in the downlink may change dueto capacity requirements. However, consistent with a further aspect ofthe present disclosure, a sum of the number of downlink opticalsubcarriers and the number of uplink optical subcarriers remains thesame regardless of changes in the numbers of such subcarriers. Thisfeature of the present disclosure will next be described with referenceto FIGS. 11a and 11 b.

FIGS. 11a-11b are diagrams illustrating operational configurations of apoint-to-point bidirectional communications system 100, in accordancewith one or more implementations of the present disclosure. Aspreviously indicated, each of the transceivers 110, 120 can deactivate anumber of SCs that it transmits and/or block a number of SCs itreceives. As illustrated in the example of FIG. 11a , transmitter 113 isconfigured to transmit only subcarriers SC1 to SC4, each of which has arespective one of frequencies f1 to f4, in the downlink direction,whereas subcarriers SC5 to SC8 are deactivated or blocked fromtransmission in the downlink direction. In addition, transmitter 123 isconfigured to transmit only subcarriers SC5 to SC8, each of which has arespective one of frequencies f5 to f8, in the uplink direction, whereassubcarriers SC1 to SC4 are deactivated or blocked in the uplinkdirection.

Consistent with the present disclosure, however, and, as noted above,the number of subcarriers transmitted in the uplink and downlinkdirections may be changed or adjusted over time. In the example shown inFIG. 11b , the number of optical subcarriers transmitted fromtransmitter 113 in the downlink direction has been changed from four tosix, i.e., optical subcarriers SC1 to SC6 are output from transmitter113. On the other hand, optical subcarriers SC7 to SC8 are deactivatedor block from transmission in the downlink direction. Transmitter 123 isconfigured to transmit only subcarriers SC7 to SC8 in the uplinkdirection as opposed to transmission of subcarriers SC1 to SC4 in FIG.11a . Further, subcarriers SC1 to SC6 are deactivated or blocked fromupstream transmission in FIG. 11b . At other times, the transceivers110, 120 may be adjusted dynamically to transmit, respectively, subsetsof the SCs different from those illustrated in FIGS. 11a or 11 b.Moreover, in each of these examples, the sum of uplink and downlinksubcarriers remains the same in both FIG. 11a and FIG. 11b . Namely, atotal number of eight subcarriers are transmitted in the uplink anddownlink directions, in the examples shown in FIGS. 11a and 11b . Thetotal number of subcarriers may differ in other implementations. Each ofthe optical circulators 115, 125 in FIGS. 11a and 11b can includerespective ports as described in connection with FIG. 1.

In some implementations, the subcarriers are Nyquist subcarriers, whichare a group of optical signals, each carrying data, wherein (i) thespectrum of each such optical signal within the group is sufficientlynon-overlapping such that the optical signals remain distinguishablefrom each other in the frequency domain, and (ii) such group of opticalsignals is generated by modulation of light from a single laser. Ingeneral, each subcarrier may have an optical spectral bandwidth that isat least equal to the Nyquist frequency, as determined by the baudrateof such subcarrier. In some cases, subcarriers that are frequency-spacedaccording to the Nyquist frequency may fit into a 37.5 GHz channel, andare sufficiently spaced apart to remain distinguishable at thereceivers.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a transmitter 900, in accordance withone or more implementations of the present disclosure. The transmitters113, 123 discussed previously with reference to FIGS. 1-2, can includethe transmitter 900. Further, as noted above, the number of opticalsubcarriers output from each transmitter may be changed dynamically, forexample, depending on capacity requirements. Transmitter 900 isdescribed next in greater detail. A mechanism for facilitating controlof the number of transmitted optical subcarriers also is described belowwith reference to FIGS. 5 and 6.

The transmitter 900 includes a digital signal processor (DSP) 902,which, in the illustrated implementation, has multiple data inputs D1-D8and switches SW1-SW8 that selectively supply data on inputs D1 to D8 toDSP 902 under control of a respective one of control signals SWC-1 toSWC-8 supplied from control circuit 971. Based on data inputs D1-D8, theDSP 902 provides multiple outputs (for example, electrical signals) toD/A and optics block 901, including digital-to-analog conversion (DAC)circuits 904-1 to 904-4, which convert digital signals received from DSP902 into corresponding analog signals. D/A and optics block 901 alsoincludes driver circuits 906-1 to 906-2 that receive the analog signalsfrom DACs 904-1 to 904-4 and adjust the voltages or othercharacteristics thereof to provide drive signals to a corresponding oneof modulators 910-1 to 910-4. A control circuit 971 is capable ofgenerating control signals SWC-1 to SWC-8 to activate or deactivate theswitches SW1-SW8 to supply data on inputs D1 to D8 to DSP 902selectively, as noted above. In some implementations, if one of switchesSW1 to SW8 is deactivated, the DSP 902 will not receive data input fromthat switch. Moreover, in some instances, such switch may connect thecorresponding input to DSP 902 to ground. For example, if the controlcircuit 971 transmits a control signal SWC-1 to switch SW1 to deactivateswitch SW1, the DSP 902 will not receive data on input D-1. Input D-1may be connected to ground instead, for example.

Optical subcarriers associated with deactivated data inputs are blockedand are not transmitted. As noted above with respect to FIGS. 11a and11b , selectively blocking optical subcarriers provides allows opticalsystem 100 to change or re-allocate the data carrying capacity in theuplink and downlink directions flexibly. Further details of transmitters113, 123 are described below with respect to FIG. 3, and details of DSP902 are further described below with respect to FIG. 4. Opticalsubcarrier blocking, as implemented for example in DSP 902, is describedin greater detail below with respect to FIGS. 5-6.

In one possible configuration, if all optical subcarriers are to betransmitted in the downlink direction from transceiver 110, for example,each of switches SW1 to SW8 coupled to DSP 902 in transmitter 113 may beconfigured to supply a corresponding one of data inputs D1 to D8. Inthat case, no optical subcarriers will be transmitted from transceiver120 in the uplink direction.

Returning to FIG. 3, D/A and optics block 901 further includesmodulators 910-1 to 910-4, each of which may be, for example, aMach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) that modulates the phase and/or amplitudeof the light output from laser 908. In some instances, the modulators910-1 to 910-4 may collectively be referred to as a single modulator910. The lasers 111, 121 described previously with reference to FIGS.1-2 can be the laser 908 in FIG. 3. In the illustrated implementation,light output from laser 908, which also is included in block 901, issplit, such that a first portion of the light is supplied to a first MZMpairing including MZMs 910-1 and 910-2 and a second portion of the lightis supplied to a second MZM pairing including MZMs 910-3 and 910-4. Thefirst portion of the light is further split into third and fourthportions, such that the third portion is modulated by MZM 910-1 toprovide an in-phase (I) component, for example, of an X (or TE)polarization component of a modulated optical signal, and the fourthportion is modulated by MZM 910-2 and fed to phase shifter 912-1 toshift the phase of such light by 90 degrees in order to provide aquadrature (Q) component, for example, of the X polarization componentof the modulated optical signal. Similarly, the second portion of thelight is further split into fifth and sixth portions, such that thefifth portion is modulated by MZM 910-3 to provide an I component, forexample, of a Y (or TM) polarization component of the modulated opticalsignal, and the sixth portion is modulated by MZM 910-4 and fed to phaseshifter 912-2 to shift the phase of such light by 90 degrees to providea Q component, for example, of the Y polarization component of themodulated optical signal.

The optical outputs of MZMs 910-1 and 910-2 are combined to provide an Xpolarized optical signal including I and Q components and fed to apolarization beam combiner (PBC) 914 provided in block 901. In addition,the outputs of MZMs 910-3 and 910-4 are combined to provide an opticalsignal that is fed to polarization rotator 913, further provided inblock 901, which rotates the polarization of such optical signal toprovide a modulated optical signal having a Y (or TM) polarization. TheY polarized modulated optical signal is also provided to PBC 914, whichcombines the X and Y polarized modulated optical signals to provide apolarization multiplexed (“dual-pol”) modulated optical signal ontooptical fiber 916, for example, which may be included as a segment ofoptical fiber in the bidirectional optical link 130 described previouslywith reference to FIGS. 1-2.

In the illustrated example, the polarization multiplexed optical signaloutput from D/A and optics block 901 includes eight subcarriers SC1-SC8,for example (see also FIGS. 11a and 11b ), such that each subcarrier hasX and Y polarization components and I and Q components. Moreover, eachsubcarrier SC1-SC8 may be associated with or corresponds to a respectiveone of the data inputs D1-D8 received at switches SW1-SW8.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of the transmitter DSP 902(TX-DSP) included in the transmitter 900 of FIG. 3, in accordance withone or more implementations of the present disclosure. TX DSP 902includes forward error correction (FEC) encoders 1002-1 to 1002-8, eachof which may receive one or more of a respective one of a plurality ofthe data inputs D1 to D8 from switches SW1 to SW8. FEC encoders 1002-1to 1002-8 carry out forward error correction coding on a correspondingone of the data input D1 to D8 (output from switches SW1 to SW8), suchas, by adding parity bits to the received data. The FEC encoders 1002-1to 1002-8 also are capable of provide timing skew between thesubcarriers to correct for skew introduced during transmission over oneor more optical fibers. In addition, the FEC encoders 1002-1 to 1002-8are capable of interleaving the received data.

Each of the FEC encoders 1002-1 to 1002-8 provides an output to acorresponding one of a plurality of bits-to-symbol circuits, 1004-1 to1004-8 (collectively referred to herein as “bits-to-symbol circuits1004”). Each of the bits-to-symbol circuits 1004 is capable of mappingthe encoded bits to symbols on a complex plane. For example,bits-to-symbol circuits 1004 can map four bits to a symbol in adual-polarization quadrature phase shifting key (QPSK) constellation.Each of the bits-to-symbol circuits 1004 provides first symbols, havingthe complex representation XI+j*XQ, associated with a respective one ofthe data input, such as D1, to DSP portion 1003. Data indicative of suchfirst symbols may carried by the X polarization component of eachsubcarrier SC1-SC8 (described previously).

Each of the bits-to-symbol circuits 1004 can further provide secondsymbols having the complex representation YI+j*YQ, also associated witha corresponding one of data inputs D1 to D8. Data indicative of suchsecond symbols, however, can be carried by the Y polarization componentof each of subcarriers SC1 to SC8.

Each of the first symbols output from each of bits-to-symbol circuits1004 is supplied to a respective one of first overlap and save buffers1005-1 to 1005-8 (collectively referred to herein as overlap and savebuffers 1005) that may buffer 256 symbols, for example. Each of theoverlap and save buffers 1005 can receive 128 of the first symbols oranother number of such symbols at a time from a corresponding one ofbits to symbol circuits 1004. Thus, the overlap and save buffers 1005can combine 128 new symbols from the bits-to-symbol circuits 1005, withthe previous 128 symbols received from the bits-to-symbol circuits 1005.

Each overlap and save buffer 1005 supplies an output, which is in thetime domain, to a corresponding one of fast Fourier Transform (FFT)circuits 1006-1 to 1006-8 (also referred to individually or collectivelyas FFTs or FFT circuits 1006). In the illustrated implementation, theoutput includes 256 symbols or another number of symbols. Each of theFFTs 1006 converts the received symbols to the frequency domain using orbased on, for example, a fast Fourier transform. Each of the FFTs 1006output frequency data can be transmitted to switches and bins circuitry1021-1 to 1021-8, each of which can include a switch and 256 memories orregisters, also referred to as frequency bins or points, which storefrequency components associated with the input symbols converted by theFFTs 1006. Each of the replicator components 1007-1 to 1007-8 is capableof replicating the 256 frequency components associated with the switchesand bins circuitry 1021-1 to 1021-8 and storing such components in 512or another number of frequency bins (for example, for T/2 basedfiltering of the subcarrier) in a respective one of the plurality ofreplicator components. Such replication can increase the sample rate. Inaddition, replicator components or circuits 1007-1 to 1007-8 can arrangeor align the contents of the frequency bins to fall within thebandwidths associated with pulse shaped filter circuits 1008-1 to1008-8.

Each of the pulse shape filter circuits 1008-1 to 1008-8 is capable ofapplying a pulse shaping filter to the data stored in the 512 frequencybins of a respective one of the plurality of replicator components1007-1 to 1007-8 to thereby provide a respective one of a plurality offiltered outputs, which are multiplexed and subject to an inverse FFT,as described later. Pulse shape filter circuits 1008-1 to 1008-8calculate the transitions between the symbols and the desired subcarrierspectrum so that the subcarriers can be spectrally packed together fortransmission (for example, with a close frequency separation). Pulseshape filter circuits 1008-1 to 1008-8 can also be used to introducetiming skew between the subcarriers SC1 to SC8 to correct for timingskew induced by optical links, such as the optical link 130 describedpreviously with reference to FIGS. 1-2. Multiplexer component 1009,which can include a multiplexer circuit or memory, can receive thefiltered outputs from pulse shape filter circuits 1008-1 to 1008-8, andmultiplex or combine such outputs together to form an element vector.

Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) circuit or component 1010-1 iscapable of receiving the element vector and providing a correspondingtime domain signal or data based on an IFFT. In some implementations,the time domain signal includes a rate of 64 GSample/s. For example,last buffer or memory circuit 1011-1 can select the last 1024 or anothernumber of samples from an output of IFFT component or circuit 1010-1 andsupply the samples to DACs 904-1 and 904-2 at 64 GSample/s, for example.As noted previously, DAC 904-1 is associated with the in-phase (I)component of the X pol signal and DAC 904-2 is associated with thequadrature (Q) component of the Y pol signal. Accordingly, consistentwith the complex representation XI+jXQ, DAC 904-1 receives valuesassociated with XI and DAC 904-2 receives values associated with jXQ.Based on these inputs, DACs 904-1 and 904-2 provide analog outputs toMZMD 906-1 and MZMD 906-2, respectively, as discussed previously.

Each of the bits-to-symbol circuits 1004-1 to 1004-8 outputs acorresponding one of symbols indicative of data carried by the Ypolarization component of the polarization multiplexed modulated opticalsignal output on fiber 916. As previously indicated, these symbols canhave the complex representation YI+j*YQ. Each such symbol can beprocessed by a respective one of overlap and save buffers 1015-1 to1015-8, a respective one of FFT circuits 1016-1 to 1016-8, a respectiveone of replicator components or circuits 1017-1 to 517-8, pulse shapefilter circuits 1018-1 to 1018-8, multiplexer or memory 1019, IFFT1010-1, and take last buffer or memory circuit 1011-1, to provideprocessed symbols having the representation YI+j*YQ in a manner similarto or the same as that discussed above in generating processed symbolsXI+j*XQ output from take last circuit 1011-1. In addition, symbolcomponents YI and YQ are provided to DACs 904-3 and 904-4, respectively.Based on these inputs, DACs 904-3 and 904-4 provide analog outputs toMZMD 906-3 and MZMD 906-4, respectively, as discussed above.

While FIG. 4 shows DSP 902 as including a particular number andarrangement of functional components, in some implementations, DSP 902can include additional functional components, fewer functionalcomponents, different functional components, or differently arrangedfunctional components. In addition, typically the number of overlap andsave buffers, FFTs, replicator circuits, and pulse shape filtersassociated with the X component may be equal to the number of datainputs, and the number of such circuits associated with the Y componentmay also be equal to the number of switch outputs. However, in otherexamples, the number of data inputs may be different from the number ofthese circuits.

As previously indicated, based on the outputs of MZMDs 906-1 to 906-4,one or more of optical subcarriers SC1 to SC8 can be output onto opticalfiber 916 or no optical subcarriers may be output in either the uplinkor downlink direction. Transmitter 900 can adjust the number ofsubcarriers output onto optical fiber 916 dynamically. In someimplementations, a subcarrier can be deactivated by using the switchesand bins circuitry 1021-1 to 1021-8, as described in greater detailbelow in connection with FIG. 5. In some implementations, a subcarriercan be deactivated by using the pulse shape filters 1008-1 to 1008-8, asdescribed in greater detail below in connection with FIG. 6. In afurther example, a data input associated with a deactivated subcarrieris connected to ground by a corresponding one of switches SW1 to SW8.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of activating anddeactivating subcarriers at the transmitter 900 using the switches andbins circuitry 1021-1 to 1021-8, in accordance with one or moreimplementations of the present disclosure. For illustrative purposes,FIG. 5 shows the switches and bin circuitry 1021-1 and 1021-8. Theswitches and bin circuitry 1021-1 and 1021-8 include a plurality offrequency bins (e.g., memories) FB1-1 to FB1-n and FB8-1 to FB8-n,respectively. The plurality of frequency bins FB1-1 to FB1-n and FB8-1to FB8-n are communicatively coupled to a plurality of switches SW1-1 toSW1-n and SW8-1 to SW8-n, respectively. The plurality of switches SW1-1to SW1-n and SW8-1 to SW8-n are configured to receive the frequencydomain data generated by FFT 1006-1 and 1006-8, respectively. Based onthe control signals CNT-1 to CNT-8, the plurality of switches SW1-1 toSW1-n and SW8-1 to SW8-n are configured to either provide the frequencydomain data or to provide predetermined data (for example, null or “0”data) to a corresponding one of the plurality of frequency bins FB1-1 toFB1-n and FB8-1 to FB8-n. If the predetermined data is supplied to oneof the plurality of frequency bins FB1-1 to FB1-n and FB8-1 to FB8-n, asubcarrier associated with that plurality of frequency bins isdeactivated and is not output on the optical link 916. For example, inthe illustrated implementation, “0” data is provided by the plurality ofswitches SW1-1 to SW1-n and SW8-1 to SW8-n to the plurality of frequencybins FB1-1 to FB1-n and FB8-1 to FB8-n, and consequently, drive signalsare applied to modulators 910, such that optical subcarriers SC1 and SC8are deactivated or omitted from the modulated optical signal output ontofiber 916.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating activating and deactivating subcarriersat the transmitter 900 using the pulse shape filters 1008-1 to 1008-8,in accordance with one or more implementations of the presentdisclosure. The implementation shown in FIG. 6 may be provided as analternative to the implementation shown in FIG. 5. For illustrativepurposes, FIG. 6 shows portions of pulse shape filters 1008-1 and 1008-8including a plurality of multiplier circuits M1-1 to M1-n and M8-1 toM8-n, respectively, for processing the replicated data RD1-1 to RD1-nand RD8-1 to RD8-n from the replicators 1007-1 and 1007-8, respectively.The plurality of multiplier circuits M1-1 to M1-n and M8-1 to M8-n canprocess the replicated data RD1-1 to RD1-n and RD8-1 to RD8-n bymultiplying the data by “0” or by a predefined value (C1-1 to C1-n andC8-1 to C8-n). If the replicated data from a replicator is multiplied by“0”, the optical subcarrier corresponding to that replicator isdeactivated. For example, if the plurality of multipliers M1-1 to M1-nmultiply the replicated data RD1-1 to RD1-n by “0”, such that drivesignals supplied to modulators 910 result in subcarrier SC1 beingdeactivated or blocked whereby SC1 is omitted from the modulated opticalsignal output onto fiber 916.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a receiver 1100, inaccordance with one or more implementations of the present disclosure.The receivers 114 and 124 described previously with reference to FIGS.1-2 can include the receiver 1100. The receiver 1100 includes an Rxoptics and A/D block 1101, which, in conjunction with DSP 1150, cancarry out coherent detection. Block 1101 includes a polarization beamsplitter (PBS) 1105 with first (1105-1) and second (1105-2) outputs, alocal oscillator (LO) laser 1110, 90-degree optical hybrids or mixers1120-1 and 1120-2 (referred to generally as hybrid mixers or opticalhybrid circuits 1120 and individually as hybrid mixer or optical hybridcircuit 1120), detectors 1130-1 and 1130-2 (referred to generally asdetectors or photodiode circuits 1130 and individually as detector orphotodiode circuit 1130, each including either a single photodiode orbalanced photodiode), AC coupling capacitors 1132-1 and 1132-2,trans-impedance amplifiers/automatic gain control circuits TIA/AGC1134-1 and 1134-2, ADCs 1140-1 and 1140-2 (referred to generally as ADCs1140 and individually as ADC 1140), and an RX DSP 1150. As previouslyindicated, the LO laser 110 can be the laser 111 or a shared laserdescribed with reference to FIGS. 1-2, or it can be a separate laser.

Polarization beam splitter (PBS) 1105 can include a polarizationsplitter that receives an input polarization multiplexed optical signalincluding optical subcarriers SC1 to SC8 supplied by optical fiber link1103, which may be, for example, an optical fiber segment as part of oneof optical communication link 130 noted previously. PBS 1105 can splitthe incoming optical signal into the two X and Y orthogonal polarizationcomponents. The Y component may be supplied to a polarization rotator1106 that rotates the polarization of the Y component to have the Xpolarization. Hybrid mixers 1120 can combine the X and rotated Ypolarization components with light from local oscillator laser 1110. Forexample, hybrid mixer 1120-1 can combine a first polarization signal(e.g., the component of the incoming optical signal having a first or X(TE) polarization output from PBS port 1105-1) with light from localoscillator 1110, and hybrid mixer 1120-2 can combine the rotatedpolarization signal (e.g., the component of the incoming optical signalhaving a second or Y (TM) polarization output from PBS port 1105-2) withthe light from local oscillator 1110. In one example, polarizationrotator 1190 may be provided at PBS output 1105-2 to rotate Y componentpolarization to have the X polarization.

Detectors 1130 can detect mixing products output from the opticalhybrids, to form corresponding voltage signals, which are subject to ACcoupling by capacitors 1132-1 and 1132-1, as well as amplification andgain control by TIA/AGCs 1134-1 and 1134-2. The outputs of TIA/AGCs1134-1 and 1134-2 and ADCs 1140 can convert the voltage signals todigital samples. For example, two detectors or photodiodes 1130-1 candetect the X polarization signals to form the corresponding voltagesignals, and a corresponding two ADCs 1140-1 may convert the voltagesignals to digital samples for the first polarization signals afteramplification, gain control and AC coupling. Similarly, two detectors1130-2 may detect the rotated Y polarization signals to form thecorresponding voltage signals, and a corresponding two ADCs 1140-2 mayconvert the voltage signals to digital samples for the secondpolarization signals after amplification, gain control and AC coupling.RX DSP 1150 may process the digital samples associated with the X and Ypolarization components to output data D1 to D8 associated withsubcarriers SC1 to SC8.

While FIG. 7 shows the receiver 1100 as including a particular numberand arrangement of components, in some implementations, optical receiver1100 includes additional components, fewer components, differentcomponents, or differently arranged components. The number of detectors1130 and/or ADCs 1140 can be selected to implement an optical receiver1100 that is capable of receiving a polarization multiplexed signal.

Consistent with the present disclosure, in order to demodulatesubcarriers SC1 to SC8, local oscillator 1110 may be tuned to outputlight having a wavelength or frequency relatively close to one or moreof the subcarrier wavelengths or frequencies to thereby cause a beatingbetween the local oscillator light and the subcarriers.

In some implementations, the local oscillator 1110 includes asemiconductor laser, such as a distributed feedback laser or adistributed Bragg reflector laser, which can be tuned thermally orthrough current adjustment. If thermally tuned, the temperature of thelocal oscillator laser 1110 is controlled with a thin film heater, forexample, provided adjacent the local oscillator laser 1110.Alternatively, the current supplied to the local oscillator laser 1110can be controlled, if the local oscillator laser 1110 is current tuned.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of the DSP 1150 included inthe receiver 1100 of FIG. 7, in accordance with one or moreimplementations of the present disclosure. As noted above,analog-to-digital (A/D) circuits 1140-1 and 1140-2 output digitalsamples (sometimes referred to as internal signals) corresponding to theanalog inputs supplied thereto. In some implementations, the samples aresupplied by each A/D circuit at a rate of 64 GSamples/s. The digitalsamples correspond to symbols carried by the X polarization of theoptical subcarriers and can be represented by the complex number XI+jXQ.The digital samples can be provided to overlap and save buffer 1205-1and 1205-2. FFT component or circuit 1210-1 can receive the 2048 vectorelements, for example, from the overlap and save buffer 1205-1 andconvert the vector elements to the frequency domain using, for example,a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The FFT component 1210-1 can convert the2048 vector elements to 2048 frequency components, each of which can bestored in a register or “bin” or other memory, as a result of carryouting the FFT.

The frequency components then can be demultiplexed, and groups of suchcomponents can be supplied to a respective one of chromatic dispersionequalizer circuits (CDEQ) 1212-1-1 to 1212-1-8, each of which caninclude a finite impulse response (FIR) filter that corrects, offsets orreduces the effects of, or errors associated with chromatic dispersionof the transmitted optical subcarriers. Each of the CDEQ circuits1212-1-1 to 1212-1-8 supplies an output to a corresponding polarizationmode dispersion (PMD) equalizer circuit 1225-1 to 1225-8.

Digital samples output from A/D circuits 640-2 associated with Ypolarization components of subcarrier SC1 can be processed in a similarmanner to that of digital samples output from A/D circuits 1240-1 andassociated with the X polarization component of each subcarrier. Namely,overlap and save buffer 1205-2, FFT 1210-2 and CDEQ circuits 1212-2-1 to1212-2-8 can have a similar structure and operate in a similar fashionas buffer 1205-1, FFT 1210-1 and CDEQ circuits 1212-1-1 to 1212-1-8,respectively. For example, each of CDEQ circuits 1212-2-1 to 1212-2-8can include an FIR filter that corrects, offsets, or reduces the effectsof, or errors associated with chromatic dispersion of the transmittedoptical subcarriers. In addition, each of CDEQ circuits 1212-2-1 to1212-2-8 provide an output to a corresponding one of PMDEQ circuits1225-1 to 1225-8.

The output of one of the CDEQ circuits, such as CDEQ 1212-1-1 may besupplied to clock phase detector circuit 1213 to determine a clock phaseor clock timing associated with the received subcarriers. Such phase ortiming information or data can be supplied to ADCs 1140-1 and 1140-2 toadjust or control the timing of the digital samples output from ADCs1140-1 and 1140-2.

Each of PMDEQ circuits 1225 can include another FIR filter thatcorrects, offsets or reduces the effects of, or errors associated withPMD of the transmitted optical subcarriers. Each of PMDEQ circuits 1225supplies a first output to a respective one of IFFT components orcircuits 1230-1-1 to 1230-8-1 and a second output to a respective one ofIFFT components or circuits 1230-1-2 to 1230-8-2, each of which canconvert a 256 element vector, in this example, back to the time domainas 256 samples in accordance with, for example, an inverse fast Fouriertransform (IFFT).

Time domain signals or data output from IFFT 1230-1-1 to 1230-8-1 aresupplied to a corresponding one of Xpol carrier phase correctioncircuits 1240-1-1 to 1240-8-1, which can apply carrier recoverytechniques to compensate for X polarization transmitter (for example,laser 908) and receiver (e.g., local oscillator laser 1110) linewidths.In some implementations, each carrier phase correction circuit 1240-1-1to 1240-8-1 can compensate or correct for frequency and/or phasedifferences between the X polarization of the transmit signal and the Xpolarization of light from the local oscillator 1100 based on an outputof Xpol carrier recovery circuit 1240-8-1, which performs carrierrecovery in connection with one of the subcarrier based on the outputsof IFFT 1230-8-1. After such X polarization carrier phase correction,the data associated with the X polarization component can be representedas symbols having the complex representation xi+j*xq in a constellation,such as a QPSK constellation or a constellation associated with anothermodulation formation, such as an m-quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM), m being an integer. In some implementations, the taps of the FIRfilter included in one or more of PMDEQ circuits 1225 are updated basedon the output of at least one of carrier phase correction circuits1240-1-1 to 1240-8-1.

Time domain signals or data output from IFFT 1230-1-2 to 1230-8-2 aresupplied to a corresponding one of Ypol carrier phase correctioncircuits 1240-1-2 to 1240-8-2, which can compensate or correct for Ypolarization transmitter (for example, laser 908) and receiver (forexample, local oscillator laser 1110) linewidths. In someimplementations, each carrier phase correction circuit 1240-1-2 to1240-8-2 compensates or corrects for frequency and/or phase differencesbetween the Y polarization of the transmit signal and the Y polarizationof light from the local oscillator 1110. After such Y polarizationcarrier phase correction, the data associated with the Y polarizationcomponent can be represented as symbols having the complexrepresentation yi+j*yq in a constellation, such as a QPSK constellationor a constellation associated with another modulation formation, such asan m-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), m being an integer. In someimplementations, the output of one of circuits 1240-1-2 to 1240-8-2 isused to update the taps of the FIR filter included in one or more ofPMDEQ circuits 1225 instead of or in addition to the output of at leastone of the carrier recovery circuits 1240-1-1 to 1240-8-1.

The output of carrier recovery circuits (for example, carrier recoverycircuit 1240-1-1) can also be supplied to carrier phase correctioncircuits 1240-1-1 to 1240-801 and 1240-1-2 to 1240-8-2, whereby thephase correction circuits can determine or calculate a corrected carrierphase associated with each of the received subcarriers based on one ofthe recovered carriers, instead of providing multiple carrier recoverycircuits, each of which being associated with a correspondingsubcarrier.

Each of the symbols-to-bits circuits or components 1245-1-1 to 1245-8-1can receive the symbols output from a corresponding one of circuits1240-1-1 to 1240-8-1 and map the symbols back to bits. For example, eachof the symbol to bits components 1245-1-1 to 1245-8-1 can map one Xpolarization symbol, in a QPSK or m-QAM constellation, to Z bits, whereZ is an integer. For dual-polarization QPSK modulated subcarriers, Z isfour. Bits output from each of component 1245-1-1 to 1245-8-1 areprovided to a corresponding one of FEC decoder circuits 1260-1 to1260-8.

Y polarization symbols are output form a respective one of circuits1240-1-2 to 1240-8-2, each of which having the complex representationyi+j*yq associated with data carried by the Y polarization component.Each Y polarization, like the X polarization symbols noted above, can beprovided to symbols to a corresponding one of bit to symbol circuits orcomponents 1245-1-2 to 1245-8-2, each of which having a similarstructure and operating a similar manner as symbols-to-bits component1245-1-1 to 1245-8-1. Each of circuits 1245-1-2 to 1245-8-2 can providean output to a corresponding one of FEC decoder circuits 1260-1 to1260-8.

Each of FEC decoder circuits 1260 can remove errors in the outputs ofsymbol-to-bit circuits 1245 using forward error correction. Such errorcorrected bits, which can include user data for output, can be suppliedas a corresponding one of outputs D1 to D8. While FIG. 8 shows DSP 1150as including a particular number and arrangement of functionalcomponents, in some implementations, DSP 1150 includes additionalfunctional components, fewer functional components, different functionalcomponents, or differently arranged functional components.

In some implementations, the receiver 1100 is configured to adjust thenumber of subcarriers it detects and processes by blocking subcarriers.In some implementations, blocking the subcarriers includes deactivatinga portion of the DSP 1150 by shutting off power to such portion of theDSP associated with the deactivated optical subcarrier. For example, thepower supplied to one or more of PMDEQ circuit 1225-1, IFFT circuits1230-1-1/1230-1-2, Xpol carrier recovery circuits 1240-1-1/1240-1-2,symbol-to-bits circuits 1245-1-1/1245-1-2, and FEC decoder 1260-1 can beshut off to deactivate or block output of data associated withsubcarrier SC1 or to block electrical signals generated based on noiseor spurious optical signals having frequencies associated withsubcarrier SC1. In some implementations, blocking the subcarriersincludes deactivating one of the switches SW-1-a to SW-8-a. For example,deactivating switch SW-8-a can block subcarrier SC8. In someimplementations, blocking the subcarriers includes using CDEQ circuits1212-1-8 to 1212-1-1 and/or CDEQ circuits 1212-2-1 to 1212-2-8 asdescribed below in connection with FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating activating and deactivating subcarriersat a receiver using a portion of a CDEQ circuit, in accordance with oneor more implementations of the present disclosure. For illustrativepurposes, FIG. 9 shows each CDEQ circuit 1212-1-1 to 1212-1-8, 1212-2-1to 1212-2-8 including a respective group of multiplier circuits M1-1-1to M1-1-n, M1-8-1 to M1-8-n, M2-1-1 to M2-1-n, and M2-8-1 to M2-8-n.Each pair of multiplier circuit groupings is associated with acorresponding one of optical subcarriers SC1 to SC8. For example,multiplier circuit groupings M1-1-1 to M1-1-n and M2-1-1 and M2-1-n isassociated with optical subcarrier SC1. In addition, multiplier circuitgroupings M1-8-1 to M1-8-n and M2-8-1 and M2-8-n is associated withoptical subcarrier SC8. Each multiplier circuit processes acorresponding output RD from demultiplexer 1211. For example, as furthershown in FIG. 9, multiplier circuits M1-8-1 to M1-8-n, M2-1-1 to M2-1-n,and M2-8-1 to M2-8-n can process internal signals RD1-1-1 to RD1-1-n,RD1-8-1 to RD1-8-n, RD2-1-1 to RD2-1-n, and RD2-8-1 to RD2-8-n,respectively, received from demultiplexers 1211-1 and 1211-2. Theprocessing can include multiplying the internal signals by “0” or by apredefined value (e.g., C1-1-1 to C1-1-n, C1-8-1 to C1-8-n, C2-1-1 toC2-1-n, and C2-8-1 to C2-8-n). If the internal signal is multiplied by“0”, the subcarrier corresponding to that pair of CDEQs circuits ormultiplier circuit groupings is blocked. For example, if the pluralityof multipliers M1-1-1 to M1-1-n and M2-1-1 to M2-1-n multiply theinternal signal RD1-1-1 to RD1-1-n by “0”, the subcarrier SC1 isblocked.

Thus, by selectively blocking and unblocking subcarriers as describedabove, the number of subcarriers transmitted in the uplink and downlinkdirections may be adapted or reconfigured based on capacityrequirements. Also, spurious electrical signals generated by noise, suchas back reflection, may effectively be cancelled out within the receiverDSP.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of the transceiver 110using a shared laser 111 providing optical signals both for transmissionand reception (as a local oscillator signal) in accordance with one ormore implementations of the present disclosure. As shown, the laser 111generates an optical signal and provides the optical signal to thesplitter 112. The splitter 112 splits the optical signal into twoportions. One portion is provided to the optical hybrids or mixers1120-1 and 1120-2, while the other portion is provided to modulators910-1 to 910-4.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a point-to-multi-pointbidirectional communications system 1300, in accordance with one or moreimplementations of the present disclosure. The system 1300 includes anoptical line terminal (OLT) 1310 and multiple optical network units(ONUs), including ONU 1350-1, 1350-2 to 1350-n. The OLT 1310 iscommunicatively coupled to each of the plurality of ONUs 1350-1 to1350-n via a bidirectional optical link 1330. The bidirectional opticallink 1330 uses a splitter/combiner 1340 to facilitate communicationsbetween the OLT 1310 and each of the ONUs 1350-1-1350-n.

The OLT 1310 includes a plurality of transmitters Tx-1 to Tx-m and aplurality of receivers Rx-1 to Rx-m. Each of the plurality oftransmitters Tx-1 to Tx-m and the plurality of receivers Rx-1 to Rx-mcan be dedicated, respectively, to a particular channel of a pluralityof channels, in which each channel is further dedicated to one of theONUs 1350-1 to 1350-n, or one or more channels may be split or dividedbetween multiple ONUs, such that multiple ONU transmit and receiveoptical subcarriers associated with the same channel. For example,transmitter Tx-1 can be dedicated to communication with ONU 1350-1 overa first channel, while transmitter TX-m can be dedicated tocommunication with ONU 1350-n over a second channel. In someimplementations, each of the transmitters TX-1 to Tx-m are substantiallysimilar to the transmitter 900 described previously, and therefore cangenerate modulated optical signals having multiple (i.e., two or more)subcarriers, while dynamically adjusting the number of subcarrierstransmitted in the uplink and downlink directions. As used herein, achannel refers to a combination of subcarriers transmitted in the uplinkand downlink directions, where each subcarrier is associated with aparticular laser or laser frequency. For example, FIGS. 11a and 11b showan example of a channel including optical subcarriers SC1 to SC8,wherein FIG. 11a shows a first combination of uplink and downlinksubcarriers and FIG. 11b shows another example of uplink and downlinksubcarriers.

As further shown in FIG. 12, OLT 1310 includes an optical multiplexer orcombiner 1311 for multiplexing or combining the optical signals,including optical subcarriers, transmitted from the transmitters Tx-1 toTx-m. The multiplexed/combined signal then is transmitted to anerbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) 1313 for transmission tosplitter/combiner 1340 via circulator 1390, which can include respectiveports as described in connection with the optical circulator 115 ofFIG. 1. In some instances, the EDFA 1313 may be omitted.Splitter/combiner 1340, in turn, provides a power split portion of thecombined optical signal output from circulator 1390 onto link 1330. Eachsuch power split portion is supplied to a corresponding one of ONUs 1350a to 1350 n. Each of the plurality of receivers Rx-1 to Rx-m can includethe receiver 1100 described previously, and therefore can receive anumber of subcarriers from the ONUs and dynamically block output of dataassociated with at least some of the received number of subcarriers, aswell as spurious electrical signal associated with back-reflected lightgenerated by downlink subcarriers.

Each of the ONUs 1350-1 to 1350-n includes a transmitter (Tx) and areceiver (Rx). The transmitters can be substantially similar to thetransmitter 900 discussed previously, and the receivers can besubstantially similar to the receiver 1100 discussed previously. Thus,each of ONUs 1350 to 1350 n can transmit in the uplink direction, overits assigned channel, zero or more subcarriers to the OLT 1310 via acorresponding one of circulators 1392-1 to 1392-n, splitter/combiner1340, and circulator 1390. In the downlink direction, each of ONUs1350-1 to 1350-n can receive, over its assigned channel, zero or moresubcarriers from the OLT 1310 via circulator 1340, splitter/combiner1340, and a corresponding one of circulators 1392-1 to 1392-n. Each ofthe optical circulators 1392-1 to 1392-n in FIG. 12 can includerespective ports as described in connection with the optical circulator125 of FIG. 1. Alternatively, some or all of ONUs 1350-1 to 1350-n cantransmit and receive optical subcarriers associated with the samechannel. The subcarriers transmitted from the ONUs 1350-1 to 1350-n arecombined at the combiner 1340, and the combined subcarriers then arereceived by the OLT 1310, amplified by the EDFA 1314, and demultiplexedor split by the optical demultiplexer or splitter 1312. Thesplit/demultiplexed subcarriers then are received by the receivers Rx-1to Rx-m according to the assigned channels. In some instances, the EDFA1314 may be omitted.

As described previously, each of the transmitters may share a laser witha receiver. For example, transmitter Tx-1 can share a laser withreceiver Rx-1. Alternatively, transmitters and receivers can haveindividually assigned lasers.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a plurality of channels, CH1 to CHm inwhich each channel includes a plurality of subcarriers. For example,channel CH1 includes subcarriers SC1-1 to SC1-n, and channel CHmincludes subcarriers SCm-1 to SCm-n. With respect to channel CH1, someof subcarriers SC1-1 to SC1-n may be transmitted in the downlinkdirection while others may be transmitted in the uplink direction. Thecombination of uplink and downlink subcarriers constitutes channel 1.Similarly, some of subcarriers SCm-1 to SCm-n may be transmitted in thedownlink direction while others may be transmitted in the uplinkdirection.

FIGS. 14a-14b are diagrams illustrating operational configurations of apoint-to-multi-point bidirectional communications system 1400, inaccordance with one or more implementations of the present disclosure.Both communications systems include an OLT and ONUs similar to thosedescribed above. Communications system 1400 is similar to communicationssystem 1300 described above and includes circulator 1490 similar tocirculator 1390 described above. Thus, the optical circulator 1490 caninclude respective ports as described in connection with the opticalcirculator 115 of FIG. 1. In addition, communications system 1400includes circulators 1492-1 to 1492-16, each of which being provided ina corresponding one of ONUs 1450-1 to 1450-16. Each of circulators1492-1 to 1492-16 are similar to circulators 1392-1 to 1392-n and caninclude respective ports as described in connection with the opticalcirculator 125 of FIG. 1.

As shown in FIG. 14a , the system 1400 includes an optical line terminal(OLT) 1410 and sixteen ONUs 1450-1 to 1450-16. The OLT 1410 iscommunicatively coupled to each of the ONUs 1450-1 to 1450-16 via abidirectional optical link 1430. In the illustrated example, thebidirectional optical link 1430 uses a splitter/combiner 1440 andcirculators 1490, 1492-1 to 1492-16 to facilitate communications betweenthe OLT 1410 and each of the ONUs 1450-1 to 1450-16. The OLT 1410includes sixteen transmitters Tx-1 to Tx-16 and sixteen receivers Rx-1to Rx-16. Each of the transmitters Tx-1 to Tx-16 and receivers Rx-1 toRx-16 is dedicated to a respective one of sixteen channels. For example,transmitter Tx-1 is dedicated to channel 1, while Tx-16 is dedicated tochannel CH16. Additionally, each of the ONUs 1450-1 to 1450-16 isdedicated to a respective one of the sixteen channels. For example, ONU1450-1 is dedicated to channel CH1, while ONU 1450-16 is dedicated tochannel 16. Accordingly, each of the ONUs 1450-1 to 1450-16 is dedicatedto one of the transmitters TX-1 to TX-16 and one of the receivers Rx-1to Rx-16 of the OLT 1410, such that each ONU outputs data associatedcertain reserved subcarriers within its dedicated channel and receivesdata for transmission on other subcarriers within its dedicated channel.

In some implementations, each of the transmitters TX-1 to Tx-16 issubstantially similar to the transmitter 900 described previously, andtherefore can generate modulated optical signals, each having one ormore subcarriers or no subcarriers, while dynamically adjusting thenumber of transmitted subcarriers. Accordingly, each of the channels canbe allocated a number of subcarriers.

The OLT 1410 includes an optical multiplexer or combiner 1411 formultiplexing or combining the optical signals transmitted from thetransmitters Tx-1 to Tx-16. The multiplexed/combined signal is thentransmitted to an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) 1411 and thentransmitted to respective ONUs 1450-1 to 1450-16 via optical circulator1490 to the optical link 1430 and the splitter/combiner 1440, such thateach of the ONUs 1450-1 to 1450-16 receives a power split portion of themodulated optical signals output from each of transmitters Tx-1 toTx-16. In some instances, the EDFA 1411 may be omitted.

Each of the plurality of receivers Rx-1 to Rx-16 can include thereceiver 1100 described previously, and therefore can receive a numberof subcarriers and dynamically block, from being output, data associatedwith at least some of the received number of subcarriers.

Each of the ONUs 1450-1 to 1450-16 includes a transmitter and areceiver, as well as a circulator. The transmitters can be substantiallysimilar to the transmitter 900 discussed previously, the receivers canbe substantially similar to the receiver 1100 discussed previously, andthe circulators can be similar to those described above. Thus each ofthe ONUs 1450-1 to 1450-16 can transmit, over its assigned channel,multiple (i.e., zero or more subcarriers) to the OLT 1410 and receive,over the assigned channel, multiple (i.e., two or more) subcarriers fromthe OLT 1410.

The subcarriers transmitted from the ONUs 1450-1 to 1450-16 are combinedat the combiner 1440, the combined subcarriers are then received by theOLT 1410 via circulator 1490 provided in OLT 1410, amplified by the EDFA1414, and demultiplexed or split by the optical demultiplexer orsplitter 1412. The split/demultiplexed subcarriers then are received bythe receivers Rx-1 to Rx-16 according to the assigned channels. Asdescribed previously, each of the transmitters may share a laser with areceiver. For example, transmitter Tx-1 can share a laser with receiverRx-1. In some instances, the EDFA 1414 may be omitted.

As shown, the system 1400 of FIG. 14a can be configured to allocate onecombination of downlink and uplink subcarriers over one channel, whileallocating another combination of downlink and uplink subcarriers over asecond channel. For example, as shown in FIG. 14a , a first channel(that is, the channel assigned to transmitter Tx-1, receiver Rx-1, andONU 1450-1) is used to transmit subcarriers SC1-1 to SC1-6 in thedownlink direction, while used to transmit subcarriers SC1-7 to SC1-8 inthe uplink direction. Downstream optical subcarriers SC1-1 to SC1-6 aregenerated based on a respective one of data inputs D1-1 to D1-6 suppliedto OLT transmitter Tx-1. Optical subcarriers SC7 and SC8 thus areblocked in the downlink direction in a manner similar to that describedabove. In addition, upstream optical subcarriers are based on arespective one of data streams D1-7 to D1-8 input to ONU 1 transmitterTx, and optical subcarriers D1-1 to D1-6 are blocked in the upstreamdirection. As further shown in FIG. 14a , a power split portion of alloptical signals, and associated subcarriers, is supplied to each ONU.However, each ONU is configured, by way of the blocking mechanisms andmethods described above, to output data associated with particularsubcarriers, while blocking data associated with other subcarriers notintended for that ONU.

For example, as shown in FIG. 14a , data D1-1 to D1-6 is intended forONU 1. Accordingly, data associated with all over subcarriers isblocked, as described above, by receiver Rx in ONU 1. Moreover, althoughin some instances a photodiode circuit (e.g., 1130) may receiveback-reflected light from the optical fiber, such that the photodiodecircuit provides electrical signals based on the optical mixing productsand the back-reflected light, any back-reflected light resulting fromreflections of transmitted subcarriers SC7 and SC8 along link 1430 areblocked, because spurious electrical signals generated in receiver Rx inONU 1 corresponding to SC7 and SC8 frequencies are cancelled in the RxDSP, as further discussed above.

A sixteenth channel (that is, the channel assigned to transmitter Tx-16,receiver Rx-16, and ONU 1450-16) is used to transmit subcarriers SC16-1to SC16-8 in the downlink direction, while used to transmit subcarriersnone of the subcarriers in uplink direction. This allocation ofsubcarriers can be realized by using the deactivating and blockingtechniques described previously with reference to FIGS. 3-9. Further,the allocation can be changed dynamically, for example, in view ofcapacity requirements for the upstream and downstream links.

Such re-allocation is shown in FIG. 14b . Here, channel CH1 (that is,the channel assigned to transmitter Tx-1, receiver Rx-1, and ONU 1450-1)is now used to transmit subcarriers SC1-1 to SC1-4 in the downlinkdirection, and used to transmit subcarriers SC1-5 to SC1-8 in the uplinkdirection. Thus, data inputs D1-1 to D1-4 are provided to OLTtransmitter Tx 1, and based on such inputs, downlink optical subcarriersare generated and processed in ONU 1 and output from receiver Rx.Further, data inputs D1-5 to D1-8 are provided to ONU 1 transmitter Tx,and based on such inputs, upstream optical subcarriers SC1-5 to SC1-8are generated and processed by OLT receiver Rx-1 to output data streamsD1-5 to D1-8.

As further shown in FIG. 14b , the channel CH16 (that is, the channelassigned to transmitter Tx-16, receiver Rx-16, and ONU 1450-16) is usedto transmit subcarriers SC16-1 in the downlink direction, and used totransmit subcarriers SC16-2 to SC16-7 in the uplink direction. Thus,data input D16-1 is provided to OLT transmitter Tx 16, and based on suchinput, a downlink optical subcarrier is generated and processed in ONU16 and output from receiver Rx of ONU 16. Further, data inputs D16-2 toD16-7 are provided to ONU 16 transmitter Tx, and based on such inputs,upstream optical subcarriers SC16-2 to SC1-7 are generated and processedby OLT receiver Rx-1 to thereby output data streams D16-2 to D16-7.

Also, as shown, subcarrier SC16-8 is unused, and can be dynamicallyallocated for uplink or downlink transmission as needed based, forexample, on future capacity requirements.

FIGS. 15a-15c are diagrams illustrating operational configurations ofthe point-to-multi-point bidirectional communications system 1400 inwhich one channel is shared amongst multiple optical network units1450-1 to 1450-2, in accordance with one or more implementations of thepresent disclosure. In the example of FIG. 15a , the OLT 1410, ONU1450-1 and ONU 1450-2 are assigned to a single channel, and thus areallocated subcarriers SC1-1 to subcarriers SC1-8 between them. In FIG.15 a, only the downlink is shown, whereby the OLT 1410 is configured totransmit subcarriers SC1-1 to SC1-5 in the downlink direction, such thatboth of the ONUs 1450-1 and 1450-2 receiver power a respective powersplit portion of optical subcarriers SC1-1 to SC1-5 via the optical link1430 using the splitter/combiner 1440 and circulators 1490 and1492-1/1492-2.

Transmission in the uplink direction is shown in FIG. 15b . Namely, ONU1450-1 is configured to transmit subcarrier SC1-7 to the OLT 1410 overthe optical link 1430, and ONU 1450-2 is configured to transmitsubcarrier SC1-8 to the OLT 1410 over the optical link 1430.

FIG. 15c is a composite drawing showing the downlink and uplinktransmission of FIGS. 15a and 15b , respectively. As shown in FIG. 15c ,the channel CH1 includes a reserve subcarrier SC1-6 such that thereserve subcarrier SC1-6 can be dynamically allocated to either the OLT1410, ONU 1450-1, or the ONU 1450-2, based, for example, on futurebandwidth or capacity needs.

FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a method in accordance with someimplementations. The method can be implemented, for example, using thesystems described above. As indicated by 1602, the method includessupplying, from a first transceiver, a first plurality of opticalsubcarriers to an optical fiber during a first time interval. Asindicated by 1604, the method includes receiving, in a secondtransceiver, a first one of the first plurality of subcarriers duringthe first time interval, and receiving, in a third transceiver, a secondone of the first plurality of subcarriers during the first timeinterval. As further indicated by 1606, the method includes supplying,from the second transceiver, at least a first one of a second pluralityof subcarriers to the optical fiber during the first time interval, andsupplying, from the third transceiver, at least a second one of thesecond plurality of subcarriers to the optical fiber during the firsttime interval. As indicated by 1608, the method includes receiving, inthe first transceiver, the second plurality of optical subcarriers fromthe optical fiber during the first time interval.

As further indicated in FIG. 16, the method includes supplying, from thefirst transceiver, a third plurality of optical subcarriers to theoptical fiber during a second time interval (1610). As indicated by1612, the method also includes receiving, in the second transceiver, afirst one of the third plurality of subcarriers during the second timeinterval, and receiving, in the third transceiver, a second one of thethird plurality of subcarriers during the second time interval. Further,as indicated by 1614, the method includes supplying, from the secondtransceiver, at least a first one of a fourth plurality of subcarriersto the optical fiber during the second time interval, and supplying,from the third transceiver, at least a second one of the fourthplurality of subcarriers to the optical fiber during the second timeinterval. As indicated by 1616, the method also includes receiving, inthe first transceiver, the fourth plurality of optical subcarriers fromthe optical fiber during the second time interval.

In the example of FIG. 16, a number of the first plurality ofsubcarriers is different from a number of the third plurality ofsubcarriers, and a number of the second plurality of subcarriers isdifferent from a number of the fourth plurality of subcarriers. In someinstances, a sum of a number of the first plurality of subcarriers and anumber of the second plurality of sub carriers is equal to a sum of thethird plurality of subcarriers and a number of the fourth plurality ofsub carriers.

FIG. 17 is a diagram showing the point-to-multi-point bidirectionalcommunications system 1400 similar to system 1300 described above, aswell as the systems shown in FIGS. 14a, 14b, 15a, and 15b . In FIG. 17,however, splitter/combiner 1340 is replaced by an arrayed waveguidegrating (AWG) 1470, in accordance with one or more implementations ofthe present disclosure. As noted above, the power/splitter providespower split portions of the OLT optical outputs to the ONUS. Here, theAWG 1470 may receive, at port P1, one more optical channels (CH) andassociated downlink optical subcarriers from OLT 1410 and output each ofsuch channels at a respective one of ports P2-1 to P2-n. Thus, theoutput of each port P2-1 to P2-n is wavelength-dependent, so that eachsuch port is provides a corresponding channel (CH) and associateddownlink optical subcarriers to a respective ONU. The ONUs do notreceive power split portions of optical subcarriers outside of theirrespective intended channel (CH). The system shown in FIG. 17 otherwiseoperates in a similar manner as the systems described above.

FIG. 18 is a diagram showing subcarriers inputs and outputs at the portsof an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) such as AWG 1470, in accordancewith one or more implementations of the present disclosure. As shown,channel CH1 includes subcarriers SC1-1 to SC1-4 for downlinktransmission and SC1-5 to SC1-8 for uplink transmission. Downlink (SC1-1to SC1-4) and uplink (SC1-5 to SC1-8) subcarriers associated withchannel CH1 are input from/output to ONU-1 only via port P2-1 of AWG1470. In addition, in this example, downlink (SCn-1 to SCn-6) and uplink(SCn-7 to SCn-8) subcarriers associated with channel CHn are inputfrom/output to ONU-n only via port P2-n.

FIG. 19a is a graph showing the downlink received spectrum in apoint-to-point system providing 12 channels (c1 to c12), each of whichhas two uplink and two downlink subcarriers (i.e., four subcarrierstotal). In this example, the system includes a downlink transceiver(similar to transceiver 110) at one end of a fiber optic link and anuplink transceiver (similar to transceiver 120) provided at the otherend of the fiber optic link. The downlink transceiver includes adownlink transmitter (similar to Tx 113) and a downlink receiver(similar to Rx 114), and the uplink transceiver includes an uplinktransmitter (similar to Tx 123) and an uplink receiver (similar to Rx124). As shown in FIG. 19a , the uplink receiver in this system receivesdownlink subcarriers, such as SC1 and SC2, from the downlinktransmitter. The uplink receiver also receives back reflectionsgenerated by subcarriers SC3 and SC4 transmitted upstream by the uplinktransmitter to the downlink transceiver. As noted above, electricalsignal associated with such back reflections are blocked or cancelled bythe Rx DSP of the downlink transceiver.

FIG. 19b is a graph showing the uplink received spectrum associated withthe point-to-point system noted above with respect to FIG. 19a . Here,the downlink receiver in this system receives uplink subcarriers, suchas SC3 and SC4, from the uplink transmitter. The downlink receiver alsoreceives back reflections generated by subcarriers SC1 and SC2transmitted downstream by the downlink transmitter to the uplinktransceiver. As noted above, electrical signal associated with such backreflections are blocked or cancelled by the Rx DSP of the uplinktransceiver.

FIG. 19c shows a composite of both uplink and downlink subcarriersassociated with channel c7. As indicated in FIG. 19c , in the electricalsignals associated with the above-noted back reflections are suppressedor block, such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the uplink anddownlink subcarrier is increased compared to an approach in which suchblocking is not provided.

FIG. 20a shows curve 1906 in which Q values (related to signal-to-noise(SNR)) are plotted for each of the downlink subcarriers associated withthe 12 channels noted above in regard to FIGS. 19a and 19b . Curve 1908,in contrast, shows Q values associated with a single-sidebandtransmission system. Both systems employed 16 QAM modulation. As shownin FIG. 20a , Q values associated with the blocking techniques andcircuitry noted above have higher values than those achieve in aconventional system in which such techniques and circuitry are notemployed.

FIG. 20b shows curve 1910 in which Q values are plotted for each of thedownlink subcarriers associated with the 12 channels noted above inregard to FIGS. 19a and 19b . FIG. 20b also shows Q values obtained withthe conventional single side band system. Here, also higher Q valueswere obtained based on the blocking techniques and circuitry describedabove.

Various aspects of the disclosure and the functional operationsdescribed in this specification may be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including thestructures disclosed in this specification and their structuralequivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Likewise,various aspects of the disclosure may be implemented as one or morecomputer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer programinstructions encoded on a computer-readable medium for execution by, orto control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computerreadable medium may be a non-transitory computer readable storagemedium, a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storagesubstrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting amachine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more ofthem. The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all apparatus,devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example aprogrammable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers.The apparatus may include, in addition to hardware, code that creates anexecution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., codethat constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a databasemanagement system, an operating system, or a combination of one or moreof them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g.,a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal thatis generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiverapparatus.

In some instances, various processes and logic flows described in thisspecification may be performed by one or more programmable processorsexecuting one or more computer programs to perform functions byoperating on input data and generating output. The processes and logicflows may also be performed by, and apparatus may also be implementedas, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmablegate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory ora random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computerneed not have such devices. Moreover, a computer may be embedded inanother device, e.g., a tablet computer, a mobile telephone, a personaldigital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio player, a Global PositioningSystem (GPS) receiver, to name just a few. Computer readable mediasuitable for storing computer program instructions and data include allforms of non-volatile memory, media, and memory devices, including byway of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, andflash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks orremovable disks; magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks.The processor and the memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in,special purpose logic circuitry.

Although a few implementations have been described in detail above,other modifications are possible. For example, the logic flows depictedin the figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, orsequential order, to achieve desirable results. In addition, otheractions may be provided, or actions may be eliminated, from thedescribed flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from,the described systems.

Certain features that are described in this specification in the contextof separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in asingle embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described inthe context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multipleembodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover,although features may be described above as acting in certaincombinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more featuresfrom a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from thecombination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processingmay be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system modulesand components in the embodiments described above should not beunderstood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and itshould be understood that the described program components and systemscan generally be integrated together in a single software product orpackaged into multiple software products.

In some cases, various features described in connection with differentembodiments may be combined in the same implementation. Further, as theforegoing implementations are intended as examples, various features maybe omitted in some cases, and/or additional features may be present insome cases.

Thus, although particular examples of the subject matter have beendescribed, other implementations are within the scope of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A transceiver, comprising: an optical portconfigured to be coupled to an optical fiber; a transmitter, including:a laser operable to output an optical signal, a first digital signalprocessor circuit operable to receive first data and to provide a firstplurality of electrical signals based on the first data and a firstcontrol signal, and to provide a second plurality of electrical signalsbased on second data and a second control signal, and a modulatoroperable to modulate the optical signal to provide a first plurality ofoptical subcarriers based on the first plurality of electrical signals,and a second plurality of optical subcarriers based on the secondplurality of electrical signals, a number of the first plurality ofsubcarriers being different from a number of the second plurality ofsubcarriers, wherein the first or second pluralities of subcarriers aresupplied to the optical fiber via the optical port; and a receiver,including: a photodiode circuit, including at least one photodiode toreceive first optical mixing products or second optical mixing products,the first optical mixing products being based on a third plurality ofoptical subcarriers received from the optical fiber via the optical portand a local oscillator signal, and the second optical mixing productsbeing based on a fourth plurality of optical subcarriers received fromthe optical fiber via the optical port and the local oscillator signal,the photodiode circuit operable to supply third electrical signals basedon the first optical mixing products or fourth electrical signals basedon the second optical mixing products, and a second digital signalprocessor circuit operable to output third data based on the thirdelectrical signals or fourth data based on the fourth electricalsignals.
 2. A transceiver in accordance with claim 1, the transceiverbeing configured such that the third plurality of optical subcarriers isreceived form the optical fiber after the first control signal issupplied to the first digital signal processor circuit, and the fourthplurality of optical subcarriers is received from the optical fiberafter the second control signal is supplied to the first digital signalprocessor circuit.
 3. A transceiver in accordance with claim 1, whereina sum of a number of the first plurality of subcarriers and the thirdplurality of subcarriers is equal to a sum of the second plurality ofsub carriers and the fourth plurality of subcarriers.
 4. A transceiverin accordance with claim 1, wherein a sum of a number of the firstplurality of subcarriers and the third plurality of subcarriers isdifferent from a sum of the second plurality of subcarriers and thefourth plurality of subcarriers.
 5. A transceiver in accordance withclaim 1, further including an optical hybrid circuit operable to supplythe first mixing products or the second mixing products.
 6. Atransceiver in accordance with claim 1, wherein the laser is a firstlaser, the transceiver further including a second laser operable tosupply the local oscillator signal, the second laser being a localoscillator laser.
 7. A transceiver in accordance with claim 1, whereinthe transceiver is configured such that a portion of the optical signalis supplied to the photodiode circuit as the local oscillator signal. 8.A transceiver in accordance with claim 1, wherein each of the firstplurality of subcarriers and each of the second plurality of subcarriersis a Nyquist subcarrier.
 9. A transceiver in accordance with claim 1,wherein each of the third plurality of optical subcarriers and each ofthe fourth plurality of optical subcarriers is a Nyquist subcarrier. 10.A transceiver in accordance with claim 1, wherein a frequency of one ofthe first plurality of optical subcarriers is the same as a frequency ofthe one of the fourth plurality of subcarriers.
 11. A transceiver inaccordance with claim 1, further including a circulator having a firstport optically coupled to the transmitter, a second port opticallycoupled to the receiver, and a third port configured to be coupled tothe optical fiber.
 12. A transceiver in accordance with claim 11,wherein the transceiver is configured such that the first plurality ofoptical subcarriers or the second plurality of optical subcarriers issupplied to the first port of the circulator, and the third plurality ofoptical subcarriers or the fourth plurality of optical subcarriers isoutput from the second port of the circulator.
 13. A transceiver inaccordance with claim 1, further including a coupler having a first portoptically coupled to the transmitter, a second port optically coupled tothe receiver, and a third port configured to be coupled to the opticalfiber.
 14. A transceiver in accordance with claim 13, wherein the firstplurality of optical subcarriers or the second plurality of opticalsubcarriers is supplied to the first port of the coupler, and the thirdplurality of optical subcarriers or the fourth plurality of opticalsubcarriers is output from the second port of the coupler.
 15. Atransceiver, comprising: an optical port configured to be coupled to anoptical fiber; a transmitter, including: a laser operable to output anoptical signal, a first digital signal processor circuit operable toreceive first data and to provide a first plurality of electricalsignals based on the first data and a first control signal, and a secondplurality of electrical signals based on second data and a secondcontrol signal, a modulator operable to modulate a first portion of theoptical signal to provide a first plurality of optical subcarriers basedon the first plurality of electrical signals and a second plurality ofoptical subcarriers based on the second plurality of electrical signals,a number of the first plurality of subcarriers being different from anumber of the second plurality of subcarriers, wherein the first orsecond pluralities of subcarriers are supplied to the optical fiber viathe optical port; and a receiver, including: a photodiode circuit,including at least one photodiode configured to receive first opticalmixing products or second optical mixing products, the first opticalmixing products being based on a third plurality of optical subcarriersreceived from the optical fiber via the optical port and a secondportion of the optical signal, and the second optical mixing productsbeing based on a fourth plurality of optical subcarriers received fromthe optical fiber via the optical port and the second portion of theoptical signal, the photodiode circuit operable to supply thirdelectrical signals based on the first optical mixing products or fourthelectrical signals based on the second optical mixing products, a seconddigital signal processor circuit operable to output third data based onthe third electrical signals or fourth data based on the fourthelectrical signals.
 16. A transceiver in accordance with claim 15,wherein the transceiver is configured such that the third plurality ofoptical subcarriers is received form the optical fiber after the firstcontrol signal is supplied to the first digital signal processor circuitand the fourth plurality of optical subcarriers is received from theoptical fiber after the second control signal is supplied to the firstdigital signal processor.
 17. A transceiver in accordance with claim 15,wherein a sum of a number of the first plurality of subcarriers and thethird plurality of subcarriers is equal to a sum of the second pluralityof sub carriers and the fourth plurality of subcarriers.
 18. Atransceiver in accordance with claim 15, wherein a sum of a number ofthe first plurality of subcarriers and the third plurality ofsubcarriers is different from a sum of the second plurality ofsubcarriers and the fourth plurality of subcarriers.
 19. A transceiverin accordance with claim 15, further including an optical hybrid circuitoperable to supply the first mixing products or the second mixingproducts.
 20. A transceiver in accordance with claim 15, wherein each ofthe first plurality of subcarriers and each of the second plurality ofsubcarriers is a Nyquist subcarrier.
 21. A transceiver in accordancewith claim 15, wherein each of the third plurality of opticalsubcarriers and each of the fourth plurality of optical subcarriers is aNyquist subcarrier.
 22. A transceiver in accordance with claim 15,wherein a frequency of one of the first plurality of optical subcarriersis the same as a frequency of the one of the fourth plurality ofsubcarriers.
 23. A transceiver in accordance with claim 15, furtherincluding a circulator having a first port optically coupled to thetransmitter, a second port optically coupled to the receiver, and athird port configured to be coupled to the optical fiber.
 24. Atransceiver in accordance with claim 23, wherein the transceiver isconfigured such that the first plurality of optical subcarriers or thesecond plurality of optical subcarriers is supplied to the first port ofthe circulator, and the third plurality of optical subcarriers or thefourth plurality of optical subcarriers is output from the second portof the circulator.
 25. A transceiver in accordance with claim 15,further including a coupler having a first port optically coupled to thetransmitter, a second port optically coupled to the receiver, and athird port configured to be coupled to the optical fiber.
 26. Atransceiver in accordance with claim 25, wherein the transceiver isconfigured such that the first plurality of optical subcarriers or thesecond plurality of optical subcarriers is supplied to the first port ofthe coupler, and the third plurality of optical subcarriers or thefourth plurality of optical subcarriers is output from the second portof the coupler.
 27. A method, comprising: supplying, from a firsttransceiver, a first plurality of optical subcarriers to an opticalfiber during a first time interval; receiving, in a second transceiver,a first one of the first plurality of subcarriers during the first timeinterval, and receiving, in a third transceiver, a second one of thefirst plurality of subcarriers during the first time interval;supplying, from the second transceiver, at least a first one of a secondplurality of subcarriers to the optical fiber during the first timeinterval, and supplying, from the third transceiver, at least a secondone of the second plurality of subcarriers to the optical fiber duringthe first time interval; receiving, in the first transceiver, the secondplurality of optical subcarriers from the optical fiber during the firsttime interval; supplying, from the first transceiver, a third pluralityof optical subcarriers to the optical fiber during a second timeinterval; receiving, in the second transceiver, a first one of the thirdplurality of subcarriers during the second time interval, and receiving,in the third transceiver, a second one of the third plurality ofsubcarriers during the second time interval; supplying, from the secondtransceiver, at least a first one of a fourth plurality of subcarriersto the optical fiber during the second time interval, and supplying,from the third transceiver, at least a second one of the fourthplurality of subcarriers to the optical fiber during the second timeinterval; and receiving, in the first transceiver, the fourth pluralityof optical subcarriers from the optical fiber during the second timeinterval; wherein a number of the first plurality of subcarriers isdifferent from a number of the third plurality of subcarriers, and anumber of the second plurality of subcarriers is different from a numberof the fourth plurality of subcarriers.
 28. A method in accordance withclaim 27, wherein a sum of a number of the first plurality ofsubcarriers and a number of the second plurality of subcarriers is equalto a sum of the third plurality of subcarriers and a number of thefourth plurality of subcarriers.